Lao has 20 National Protected Areas that cover almost 14% of the country. These reserve areas offer a range of ecotourism attraction with their vast zones of tropical monsoon forest, diverse wildlife and stunning karst limestone formations. However, not all protected areas are accessible to the public despite their great potential for ecotourism.

Don Amphan. Don Amphan is situated in the north-east part of Attapu province. It is mainly hilly, but the elevations rise up to 2000 m particularly at Phou Pengmun. Don Amphan vegetation can be characterized as semi-evergreen forest and dry evergreen forest with patched of secondary vegetation due to shifting cultivation. The hills are steep and sharp and rise to various streams and rivers thus create a small flood plain. The area is inhabited by species like Asiatic golden cat, buff-cheeked gibbon, and douc langur, fishing cat, clouded leopard, tiger and small populations of Asian elephants. This protective area is also considered as an International Bird area with about 280 species of bird including buceros bicornis, brown hornbill, black-hooded launghingthrush, white-cheeked laughingthrush, and grey-faced tit babbler.

The subsistence hunting and commercial hunting are big threats to the biodiversity at Dong Amphan. The clearance of forest through shifting cultivation impinge the old-growth forest within the protected area and thus resulted in succession by fire-climax pine woodland in some areas.

The access to the reserve is mainly limited during the dry season. It can be reached using Xe Kaman and Xe Xou route, which are navigable by boat for a considerable distance. The road from Attapeu to Xanxai district is used to access the main route to the northern section of the protected area. The core of Dong Amphan is only accessible by foot. There are well- established walking trails interconnecting villages surrounding the area.

Dong Hua Sao. Dong Hua Sao covers an area of 1,100 sq km. This protected area is located in the province of Champasak within the districts of Bachieng, Pakxong and Pathoumphon. The lowland plains comprise over half of the protective area with the elevation ranging from 100 to 1000 m. The area’s vegetation consists mainly of evergreen forest in the lowlands and the uplands with dry dipterocarp forest and mixed deciduous forest. Most of the upland areas form a part of Boloven Plateau. The climate within the area is characterized as tropical monsoon with high rainfall and a distinct dry season. The temperature in the highest elevation level occasionally reaches sub-zero level. Within the park dwells a significantly low population of key species wildlife such gaur, sambar deer, common muntjak, wild boar, smooth otter, civet, leopard cat and squirrel. There are also 26 species of birds and 41 species of reptiles and amphibians seen in the protected site. The area is also inhabited by Attacus atlas, a family of atlas moth. Atlas moths are the largest moths in the world in terms of wing surface area.

Dong Hua Sao is the only declared National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NBCA) that protects semi-evergreen forests of the Bolovens Plateau. The conversion of mature forest to establish coffee plantation, the commercial hunting and the unrestrained collecting of forest products are the major threats on the conservation of this protected areas.

Dong Houa Sao can be access from major hard-top, all weather roads from route 13 south and from Pakse-Paksong in the north. There is also access road in coffee plantation towards the remote sections of the uplands. Lowland flats can be reached by old logging roads.

Hin Namno. Hin Namno is protected nature reserve in Khammouane Province in the central Laos. Its topography features limestone karst formation, scattered with undulating limestone hills and valleys. The area is dominated sparsely vegetated limestone karst, with semi-evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest, secondary forest, shifting cultivation and bamboo forest. Hin Namno is the only wet evergreen forest on limestone in Laos. A total of 45 species of mammals are recorded seen in the area, in which 10 of those are listed as Globally Threatened. There are also species of primates dwelling in the area such as douc langur and francois’s langur. There are also 25 species of bats identified including great evening bat, horsfield fruit bat and harlequin bat. The large-antlered Muntjak or Giant Muntjac also inhabits in Hin Namno.

Hin Namno is an important bird area, with 217 bird species have been identified here. There is a significant proportion on the population of Sooty Babbler, a species endemic to limestone areas in central Laos and central Vietnam. Crested Argus, Siamese firebacks, lesser fish eagle, spot-billed pelican also lodge in the protected site. There is also the presence of four species of hornbills; brown hornbills, great hornbills and rufous-necked hornbill and wreathed hornbill.

There are 46 species of reptiles that believed to be common in the Hin Namno, this include the 6 species of turtles – Asiatic softshell, Asian leaf turtle, keeled box turtle, wattle-necked softshell, and yellow-headed temple turtle. There are also 130 species of fish that have been collected in Xe Bang Fai River within the protected area.

The most serious threats in the Hin Namno are the human intrusion and non-timber forest product (NTFP) collection such a rattan collection. There also unexploded ordinance that is a major risk for people and animals residing in the area. The increasing shifting cultivation particularly in upland as well as floods and droughts may also affect the conserved area.

Hin Namno offers a great eco-tourism potential with its beautiful forest and 6 km tunnel near Muang Boualapha, however the area has the limited access. The access to Muang Boulapha takes approximately five hours and access to Hin Namno requires both truck and about 9-hour boat ride and particularly difficult during rainy season.

Nakai-Nam Theun. Nakai-Nam Theun is a protected area that covers approximately 3.445 sq km of the Annamite Mountains and the adjacent Nakai Plateau in the provinces of Bolikhamxay and Khammouane. This protected site comprises one of the most unspoiled wildernesses in Southeast Asia. The topography of the area is characterized as rugged and dominated by main ridge of the Annamite Mountains. Phou Laoko is the highest point on the ridge with 2,286 m. The vegetation of the area is complex. The dry evergreen forest dominates up to 1,800 m consisting of species of dipterocarpus and myristicaceae, annonaceae and other plants. Motane fagaceous forest mantle the slopes, interspersed with patches of Fokienia hodginsii (cypress-like conifer). Fagaceous forest above 2,000 m sea level and mountain tops gives way to cloudforest. Cloudforest is dominated by rhododendron ericaceous that grew about 7 m tall. Within its riverine forest is the tree species of Poikilospermum (Urticaceae). There is also a large variety of herbs and habitat of unknown floras.

The area is significantly important for conservation of more than 300 species of birds in which 52 species are restricted to Sino-Himalayan subtropical forest and 18 species restricted to the Indochinese Tropical Moist Forest. The area supports the largest population of rufous-neck hornbills in Indochina. There are also large number of endemic crest Argus and short tailed scimitar babbler. Other species of birds residing in the area are Siamese fireback, red-collared woodpecker, great hornbill, brown hornbill, Blyth’s kingfisher, lesser fish eagle, Japanese paradise-flycatcher, beautiful nuthatch, and yellow-vented warbler.

The site also has the most documented species of large mammal community in the country including the Asian elephant, giant muntjac, and gaur bos gaurus. Dwelling within the area are 100 species of mammals including 45 species of bats and 8 species of rodents. There are also 53 species of reptiles and amphibians. Globally threatened animals residing in the area are pygmy loris, douc langur, and pale-cheeked gibbon.

Route 8B is the only main road that enters the heart of the reserve. Route 8B is around Ban Kendaeng of Khamkeut District to Ban Thamuang towards Ban Navang. Nakai-Nam Theun can also be reached from Thakek via route 12.

Phou Khao Khouay. Phou Khao Khouay is a protected area that covers about 28,264 sq km across Vientiane capital, Vientiane and Bolikhamxay provinces. The park within the NBCA has an area of 2000 sq km. It is considered as one of the most stunning preserves with mix deciduous forest dominating the lighter and shallow soils. At the central portion of the park is a dry evergreen forest, lies within the lower basins of the Nam Leuk and Nam Mang. The forest is covered with dipterocarpus and shorea. There are large stands of coniferous forest that grow on shallows sandy soils predominantly in the western portion of the protected site.

There are three waterfalls within the park boundaries- Tat Xai, Tat Leuk and Tad Phou Khao Khouay. Tat Xai, is considered to be the most remarkable among the three waterfalls. It can be reached via boat from Ban Hatkhai along the Nam Mang and Houai Xai. Tat Leuk exhibits a seasonal change in water flow. The protected area is surrounded by three large rivers namely Nam Mang, Nam Leuk and Nam Nyong. The water in the river of Nam Leuk is considered to have a good quality due to a generally low mineralization during both dry and wet seasons.

Residing within the area and its close proximity are two ethnic groups; the Lao Loum which inhabits the floodplains to the south of the reserve; and the Lao Sung that are seen in the interior, north and west part of the park. The reservoir has a diverse population of large mammals such as Asian elephant, bears, deer, gaur, gibbon, langurs, and otter. Endangered animals such as clouded leopard, sampar deer, slow loris, and Sun and Asiatic black bears also reside in the area. A total of 157 species of birds are also found within the park including grey peakok pheasant, coral-billed ground cuckoo, crested kingfisher, Malayan night heron, pale-headed woodpeckers and others.

Some of the threats that mainly harm the reserve are intensive hunting of wild mammals as well as logging in selective area of the conservation site particularly in Thulakhom and Xaythany districts and the shifting cultivation and unsustainable harvesting of NTFP within the reserve.

Phu Khao Khouay can be reached by public transport, car or motorbike from Vientiane into Phou Khao Khouay. Travel time takes about 2 hours via paved route 13 south and an all-weather gravel road heading west from Tha Bok. The eastern portion of the protected area can be reached through route 13 southwards until KM92 at Ban Palai towards Tha Bok road. This road also serves as an access to the parks waterfalls and Nam Leuk reservoir. The western portion of the park can be reached from Vientiane by road by driving northwards to route 10 towards the village of Ban Napheng at KM 54 passing Tad Sang waterfalls through the pine forest to reach Phou Khao Khouay waterfalls and ethnic communities.

The town of Luang Prabang is an exquisite ancient town situated in northern Laos. The town was declared as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. It is an exceptional illustration of the fusion of traditional architecture and Lao urban structures with arrays of fine French colonial buildings built in the 19th and 20th century.

Luang Prabang offers a serene and gentle atmosphere that remains to be typically Laotian. The tranquil city of Luang Prabang serves as a home for hundreds of golden robe monks, countless ancient temples and well preserved colonial houses. Luang Prabang colourful night market displays a huge selection of locally produced handicrafts. The town’s daily routine begins early morning around six o’ clock with the traditional daily alms-giving ceremony. The locals as well as other people seat on the mat with food and wait for the queue of hundreds of Buddhist monks for alms distribution.

Luang Prabang was the former royal capital of the former kingdom of Lan Xang. It became the first administrative, political and spiritual city of the Laotian realm. During the realm of Fa Ngum Theravada Buddhism was brought to the city and by 1357 golden temples were constructed throughout the town. Despite most of these temples were destroyed during the attacks from pillagers, the temples were reconstructed in the 19th and 20th centuries and fantastic numbers of these temples still exist.

Administrative buildings in Luang Prabang were mostly built between 1910 and 1925. Its Metropolitan appearance is specifically designed in order to adapt to the climate. Colonial architecture as well as theme of Laotians religious edifices is seen all around the town. Colonial houses are a traditional Laotian architecture incorporated with French and Vietnamese design elements along with European and Chinese technical revolution. The old wooden houses of the royalty and aristocracy were transformed into masonry residences. The Luang Prabang National Museum was the former Royal Palace built during 1904-1908 is a good illustration of French inspired architecture that was known at that time. The elements of Chinese architecture were also introduced indirectly. Chinese-style shops houses in rows that faced right onto the street with lodges on the upper floors.

To suits the Laotian humid and warm climate, temples in Luang Prabang were built with secular wooden structures. Temples were inspired by vernacular temple architecture with sweeping tiers of the multiple overlapping saddle roofs reach closely to the ground.

Luang Prabang houses fourteen singnificant ancient temples including the most impressive and historically significant Vat Xieng Thong which stands on a point at the confluence of the two rivers. It is one of the oldest temples in Laos which origins can be tract way back 16th century. The temple was founded by King Setthathirat to commemorate the memory of the legendary king of Luang Prabang, King Chanthaphanith.

Vat Xieng Thong or the temple of the Golden City represents the classic Luang Prabang architecture. The sim (main building) has a low sweeping double-tiered roof and opulent interior and exterior gold-leaf ornaments. Embedded in its rear wall is the Tree of Life mosaic set on a red background made up of tiny pieces of colored glasses. Also within the ground of Vat Xieng Thong are more than twenty structures including pavilions, residences and shrines.

Another significant attraction in the town of Luang Prabang is Vat Mai. Vat Mai Suwannaphumaram or simply Vat Mai is one of the biggest, most scenic and photographed vats in Luang Prabang. Situated along the street of Sisavangvong, adjoining the compound of National Palace Museum, Vat Mai is the most splendidly decorated temple among the temples in Luang Prabang.

Founded by King Anourout in 18th century the temple served as a residence of the highest Laotian Buddhist dignitary and a temple of the royal family. The abbot of the temple also played an important role in the opening of Luang Prabang to the world outside Asia. In 1887 when Auguste Pavie, the first French vice-consul in Laos arrived in Luang Prabang the abbot invited Pavie to stay the monastery. During his stay he was permitted to scrutinize the extensive palm leaf manuscript of the monastery and used them to write the first comprehensive early Laotian history in a European Language.

The monastery main building has five-tiered roof with two solid redwood outer pillars once used to attach the royal elephants. The five-tiered roof vastness is clearly viewed from the adjoining elevated sidewalk on Sisavangvong road. The magnificent bas relief on the walls of the front veranda illustrates scenes from Ramayana, the Buddha’s penultimate reincarnation as well as the life in the village.

The oldest operating temple in the town of Luang Prabang is the Vat Wisunalat (Vat Vixoun). Built in 1512 during the reign of King Wisunarat the temple represents the earliest style of Lao temple architecture. The temple has a multiple roof in which the first two roofs range around the entire perimeter of the structure. The temple’s sim has numerous massive wooden beams, window placement and style of roofs, although the major part of the structure was made of brick and plaster instead of wood. It was elaborated by two additional gable roofs and inside the temple is gorgeous ancient statues and steles- stone slaps with a primed exterior showing an inscription often located in front of a building or monument.

Another prominent feature of the Vat Wisunalat is That Pathoum, Stupa of the Great Lotus or popularly known That Makmo, the Watermelon Stupa placed in the front and northeastern side of the sim. This rounded dome sets on a number of different square tiers reflects a Sinhalese influence; it is considered the only rounded dome stupa in the country.

The Royal Palace Museum also known as Ancient National Museum was built in 1904 to serve as a new residence for the monarchs of Luang Prabang. Opposite Phou Si Mountain and adjacent to the left bank of the Mekong river Royal Palace Museum is a wonderful structure of both French and Lao craft. The site of the palace was chosen so visitors could formally disembark from their river voyages and taken directly to the palace.

The palace was built of brick and stucco, the main building is a combination of French Beaux Arts and Laotian architectural ideas and motifs. The structure has two separate cruciform-style sections allied by large throne room. The walls and ceiling of the Throne room are adorned with sophisticated glass mosaic; within the room is the selection of royal paraphernalia such as elaborated swords and scabbards, as well as religious artifacts including Buddha images and mural paintings depict daily life of Luang Prabang during the old regime.

The front section of the museum serves as the main exhibition area. Its entry hall reflects the position of Buddhism in the former Lao Kingdom while the rear section of the building are five big rooms that served as monarch’s private quarters showcasing King’s and queen’s bedroom, dining room and library.

There are also numerous buildings within the palace compound including the Ballet Theater wherein traditional dances and plays of Ramayana epic are being shown, the conference hall, cultural hall, temple and the boathouse.

Mt. Phousi is Holy Mountain right at the center of the old town of Luang Prabang. In order to reach the summit of the mountain one must climb 328 stairs. The summit offers a breathtaking 360 degree view of Luang Prabang, Mekong River, Nam Khan and the surrounding countryside. Within the summit is That Comsi, a stupa in which some royal remains were buried.

Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape
Inscribed as a World Heritage on the 13th of December 2001the The temple Complex of Vat Phou endures an exceptional testimony to the culture of South-east Asia. A remarkable archeological site dating to the times of the vast Khmer Empire, Vat Phou offers a serene rural nature that has remained unchanged for a thousand years.

Situated in Champasak Province, south of Laos bordering Cambodia, about 200 km from Angkor Wat and an hour drive from Paks is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape. Champasak Cultural Landscape is a well preserved planned landscape originating in the 6th century flourishing until 15th century. It sustains a clear Hinduism vision of the relationship between nature and humanity, taking advantage of a natural axis from Phou Kao Mountain to Mekong River to lay out a geometric pattern of temples, shrines and artificial waterways. Vat Phou distinguished by its dramatic and symbolic environmental setting is considered to be most beautiful of all the Khmer temples.

The Vat Phou Temple nestles at the foot of Phou Khao Mountain and expands 1,408 m along the east-west axis, known in Sankrit as Lingaparvata or Linga Mountain which resembles the linga of the Hindu God Shiva. Archeological investigation shows that the Vat Phou Temple Complex is an important illustration of both early and classical Khmer architecture dating from 7th to 12th centuries AD. The evidence shows that by the end of 12th century the entire Phou Kao Mountain and east bank of Mekong River was explicitly laid out and constructed in a symbolic representation of the cosmology of the Hindu gods. It was a common belief of the ancient Khmer that living in a place that replicates the perfect form of the heavens would secure harmony in life.

The layout of Vat Phou imposed the placement of ancient settlements, other temples, terraces, drainage and roads. Vat Phou is built on six different terraces, connected by steps and a central walkway. On the first terrace are two huge rectangular stone palaces; the North Palace and the South Palace. These palaces are used for ceremonial functions. Within the third terrace is a natural slope with 77 steps. The topmost terrace imposed an impressive view of the entire complex and the plains to the Mekong River. Also in the terrace is a spring that flows out of the mountain. The water from the spring, emerging from the cliff about 60 meters southwest of the sanctuary was channeled along the stones canals to flow through the main sanctuary and over the linga.

Other structures within the temple complex are – the baray, a man-made reservoir used for irrigation in the ancient times; the library, in the south sanctuary; the Nandi Hall, small pavilions, brick towers, and the main shrine dedicated to God Shiva.

Gibbon Experience maybe one if not the most unique and exhilarating activities you can experience in visiting Laos. Gibbon Experience is an eco-tourism conversation project that funds to preserve, promote and protect the Bokeo Nature Reserve as well as to provide villagers livelihood that is nondestructive and ecofriendly. The project was developed by Animo, a conservation-base eco-tourism company. The project runs to get funds from tourism to pay park rangers and support conservation projects that the Lao Government cannot finance.

Gibbon experience involves trekking, zipping in extreme zip lines, exploring forest limitless and experiencing a three-day stay in tree house as well as acquainting fauna within the forest. Gibbon Experience provides two activities for tourist to enjoy the wilderness of Bokeo Nature Reserve: The Classic Gibbon Experience is more relaxing and less exhilarating; it includes few hours of trekking (depends on the trekker) in restricted number of canopy infrastructure; The Waterfall Gibbon Experience on the other hand is more adventurous and trilling, it includes up to 3 hours hiking along Nam Nga River, staying in waterfall tree house with fresh water swimming hole sits at the base of tree house.

Gibbon Experience includes access to the reserve, accommodation in tree house, meals, unlimited access for forest exploration, transportation and guides. The activity starts with 3 hours rough journey up to the preserve. From the village, an hour hike to the forest leading to tree houses which are about 40 m high from the ground. The zip lines within the reserve allow you to drift over the canopy of the jungle and provide an impressive view of the surrounding hills and valleys. Gibbon Experience does not assure trekkers of the sightings of gibbon, though the sounds of these endangered species can be heard within the forest. However, the experience itself is one of the most amazing things one must not missed when visiting Laos.

River Tubing is one of the coolest things about Laos, particularly in Vang Vieng. Tubing is very famous for young tourists who visit the country. Tubing down the Nam Sam River is once in a lifetime experience in the tourists’ hub of Vang Vieng. A huge tire, a fast flowing river, lots of place for drink and food along the river and scenic view makes river tubing an ultimate adventure.

For about US$4 you can rent a tube and ride about 4km up the road and drop off to tube down the Nam Sam River. Floating down the river starts with a slow pace there you can enjoy the scenic view of a limestone mountain. There are eight riverside bars queued for once convenience. Each bar offers activities for tourists to enjoy. Most bars have trapeze swings that range from 5 to 20 m high; there is a concrete slide about three meters long that slants up severely at the end; and a mud pit.

Locals on the riverside bar throw ropes or point bamboo sticks to pull you when the cannot manage to paddle over in time. Bars are mostly bamboo stages over the water with small bar and DJ hut. Bar offers inexpensive drinks and giant whiskey buckets as well as inexpensive tasty meals, however opium and spliff are easily obtained in the bars, free whiskey can be lethal so it is advisable not to rely on it.

Tubing down the river will consume two hours without stopping to the pit stops. At 6 pm tourist are encourage by most bars to leave the river. If some locals notice someone still floating they would swim out and pull the person out of the shore and lead them in a place for the tube to be returned.

Tubing provides ultimate adventure for tourists however it is dangerous particularly during rainy season. It is advisable not to try tubing if one cannot swim. Operators are aware of the danger so life jackets are offered as well as warnings. Jumping from the swing is quite fun but very risky and many tourists must beware of the danger and be very cautious.

Exploring the caves of Laos provides overwhelming experience. Discovering huge underground chambers decorated with stalactites, stalagmites and the delicate helectites (speleothem found in limestone caves). Laos offers various cave exploring adventures as well as the most extensive limestone cave system in Asia.

Kong Lor Cave is the largest and grandest cave in the country. It is a stunning 7.5 km limestone tunnel through the cliff. The caves measures about 70-80 m wide in some places while the main cavern reaches up to 100 m high. It attaches two valley separated by a mountain range while the Nam Hin Boun river flows 7 km through the darkness of Tham Kong Lor Cave. An hour boat trip inside the caves will lead to vast stalactites hanging from the roof and other spectacular limestone formation. A strong torchlight is needed as you travel along the dark eerie enormous cave.

The second longest cave in the country and the largest cave known in the northern Laos is Tham Chom Ong Cave system. The 13.4 km long cave system is situated 45 km from Oudomxay town near the Khmu Lu Village of Ban Chom Ong Thai. The cave system stretches along 4 km long mountain ridge and has a parallel running and interconnecting fossil passage above the cave river for 1600 m and a river passage. The huge passage has 20 m to 35 m wide chambers that contain many delicate limestone formations.

The great cave of Tham Khoun Xe Cave otherwise known as Xe Bang Fai River Cave is an underground segment of Xe Bang Fai River situated in the remote corner of Khammouane Province of Laos. In 2008, Tham Khoun Xe cave was re-explored by French and North American team. Based on the expedition report Tham Khoun Xe Cave is considered to be one of the largest sustained river passages in the world with enormous rooms decorated with highly impressive structures. The cave has 7 km active river passage and 2.7 km fossil passage.

Positioned 25 km from Luang Prabang high above the Mekong River is Pak Ou Caves. The famous Buddha caves are filled with Buddha images with a number of standing Buddha images of Luang Prabang. The cave has two levels- the first entrance is clearly visible from the river while the upper cave can be reached after climbing some stairs. Within Tham Thum, the upper cave entrance is a big Buddha guarding the dark caves. Pak Ou Caves were altered into Buddhist temple in 15th century and used to hold Buddha images that can no longer venerated in temples cause of the damages.

Vieng Xai is located in Houphan Province of the limestone region of North-Easter Laos. There are hundreds of caves within the area of Vieng Xai, these caves served as shelter for the Phathet Lao, communist revolutionaries during the Secret War. The underground complex was built using soft limestone to dig almost 200 m into the rock. The caves were equipped with airtight evacuation chambers to protect people against chemical weapons; there were also hospital, theater and even bakery.

Seven of these caves are opened to the public for exploration on a large intact revolutionary base. These caves were used as the headquarters of the leaders of the Pathet Lao some of the caves are known as the Defense Minister Cave, the Soldier’s Cave and the Royal Pad.

Visiting ethnic minority villages is a fascinating experience, it’s an opportunity to observe and know about the culture of the ethnic minorities. The northern provinces of Bokeo, Luang Namtha and Pongsali have the most diverse collection of ethnic minority.

There are 49ethnic groups in Laos belonging to four ethno-linguistic families: Tai-Kadai consists of Lao, Phuthai, Tai, Lue, Nhouan, Nhang , Xek and Thai Neua; Mon-Khmer which includes Kammou, Pray, Xingmoun, Phong, Then, Eudou, Bit, Lamet, Sam Lao, Katang, Makong, Tri, Jru,Talieng, Ta Ooy, Kriang, Cheng, Sadang, Xouey, Nhahoen, Lavi, Pako, Khmer, Toum, Ngouan, Mueang, and Kri; Sino- Tibetan are Akha, Singsili, Lahu, Sila, Hayi, Lolo, and Ho; and Hmong-Mien Group that comprises of Hmong and lu Mien. Laos is an astonishing fount of ethnic diversity and indigenous knowledge, one reason of the main reasons why visiting the country provides unusual experience.

The country’s ethnic diversity is the main reason why handicrafts, livelihood systems, traditional clothing, rituals and houses sizes and design vary in Laos. The most commonly visited ethnic villages in the country are the Akha, Khmu, Yao, Lanten and Hmong. Akha are Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group. Akha are known for their remarkable knowledge of the forest and rotational agriculture. The women of the tribe are easily recognize with their typical black cotton mini-skirts and black tight fitting bodices covered by topper decorated with embroidery and applique patterns with an elaborated turban. Akha’s history is preserved in more than 10 000 poetry that has been conveyed orally by group of story tellers known as pimas. Towering swings and gates with imposing male and female wooden figures and entwined bamboo symbols marked the front and back of their village.

Khmu are one of the most populous ethnic groups in the country practicing mixed economies, gathering forest products, hunting and making handicrafts. Known for their expertise on medicinal plants and great skills in producing woven rattan and bamboo basketry Khmu practice animism, spirits gates and spirit houses are built within their village.

Yao ethnic group origins are from savage Wuling tribes in Changsha in China. They migrated to other Southeast Asian nation due to land infertility and reprisal of the Chinese government against hill tribes. Yao women are distinguished for their mastery in the art of dying, embroidery and sewing distinctive costumes while the men are prominent black and silversmiths. Their belief in nature, ancestors, ghost and spirits were handed down from primitive time. They believe that ghost can be classified into two; the good that can bless and protect family members and the evil that do evil and harm people as well as domestic animals.

Lanten also known as Lao Houay is an ethnic group residing near the streams. They are recognized by dark indigo-dyed clothing and silver jewelry. Lanten people produce first class cotton cloth, bamboo paper and wooden ceremonial masks. Their writings are based on ancient Chinese characters written on bamboo paper.

Hmong are traditionally settled on the top of mountains and considered being the most populous ethnic group. They have a great knowledge of the forest and herbal medicine; skilled blacksmiths and carpenters; masters of weaving from hemp and elaborated embroidery. Hmong are recognized by their traditional dress highly decorated with sophisticated embroidery and heavy silver jewelry. They have a strong belief in spirits and supernatural world. They believed that spirits decide how long a person will live on earth and the souls of the dead live in the world of supernatural. They also believe that each Hmong has a twin spirit that assists them with their daily life.

Hill tribe can easily be access by bicycle, by hiring a local guide or using the service of tour operators. When visiting ethnic villages, tourists are requested to show courtesy and respect to tribes’ culture. Hill tribe visitation is a feel good activity in which knowledge about other cultures can be attained at the same time visitation provides help and income to indigent tribal groups.

Vientiane is the capital of Laos and considered to be the smallest capital in Southeast Asia with a population of about 600 000 (2007 est.). Vientiane is also known as the City of the Sandalwood. It is the largest city in Laos situated along the curve of Mekong River.

The city’s places of interest are concentrated in a small area in the commercial district and can easily be explored on foot. The city offers a laid back paced of life; traffic is lighter compared to other Southeast Asian cities, less modern infrastructures presenting a relaxing cosy feeling. Vientiane was declared capital of the country in the early 16th century, taking status from the more imperial and influential city of Luang Prabang.

During the early 19th century when King Anouvong raised an unsuccessful rebellion, the city of Vientiane was conquered and sacked by the Siamese army. When the city became a French protectorate in the late 19th century Vientiane was rebuilt and the Buddhist temples were repaired.

One of the most prominent landmarks of Vientiane is the Patuxai or Victory Monument. It is a huge monument on Lang Xang Avenue which resembles Paris’ Arc de Triomphe. The ceiling of the arc is elaborated by kinnari figurines painted in bright colors. The monument commemorates those who died in the pre-Communist wars. The monument was built in 1969 with US financed cement that was meant to be used for the construction of the new airport. Beneath the arch is a doorway with a staircase leading to the top of the monument. The top of the monument offers a panoramic view of the city.

Pha That Luang is also known as the Great Stupa is situated on the eastern outskirts of Vientiane. The stupa was established built in 1566 during the reign of King Setthathirat. It was built on the location of the older stupa believed to confine the relic of Buddha. Pha That Luang is a 45-meter high structure that was ravaged several times by foreign invaders. In 1930 the stupa that was heavily damaged and abandoned after the Thai invasion in 1828 was restored to its original design based on the detailed drawing of French architecture and explorer Louis Delaporte.

The architecture of the stupa includes many references to Lao culture and identity. That Luang is a major attraction tourist and had become the symbol of Lao nationalism. Consisting of three levels, each level conveys a reflection of part of the Buddhist doctrine. The 279 feet long encircling walls contain various Khmer and Lao sculptures including one of Jayavarman VII. During sunset when the sun is shrinking in the west, the stupa is glimmerings like a magnificent golden orb.

Vat Si Saket built in 1818 by King Chao Anou is considered to be the oldest surviving temple in Vientiane. Located on the corner of Lane Xang Avenue and Setthathirat Road, Vat Si Saket houses 6840 Buddha statues and figures. The temple was built in Siamese style Buddhist architecture; its ordination hall ceiling is adorned by floral paintings. The interior of the temple walls are thousands of small niches carrying a small Buddha statue and figures, while in front of the niches are huge Buddha statues made of ceramic, gold, silver and wood.

Opposite Vat Si Saket is Ho Phra Keo, popularly known as the former Temple of Emerald Buddha. Constructed by King Setthathirat in 1565 to serve as a royal temple and house the Emerald Buddha statue which was brought from Chiang Mai. The original temple was ruined during Siamese invasion and was rebuilt in 1936. It is now used as a museum showcasing extensive collections of Buddhist artifacts in the country. Ho Phra Keo is renowned for enfolding the original pillar of Vientiane which spread deep into the ground under the altar.

Situated 24 km south of Vientiane is the Buddha Park or Xieng Khun. The park is filled with large concrete statues of deities from Hindu-Buddhist pantheon and Buddha images including the 40 m reclining Buddha.

In 1958 Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat a priest-shaman built a sculpture park in which Hinduism and Buddhism were integrated. The most unusual structure within the park is the giant pumpkin with a dead tree sticking out its top. This three-story sculpture is a reflection of the idea of earth, heaven and hell.

Other attractions that can be seen in the Vientiane are the Presidential Palace, positioned at the intersection of Lane Xang and Setthathirat Avenue. This palace was built by the French colonial governor and served as a royal residence during the reign of King Sisavangvong. Talat Sao (morning market) consists of three main building in the center of the town opposite the post office and central bus station. The market offers a vast range of durable goods such as jewelry, handicrafts and textiles.

Luang Prabang

Luang Prabang is located in North Central Laos, about 428 km north of Vientiane. The city is situated on a peninsula formed by the Mekong River and its tributaries in a clay basin surrounded by limestone hills that dominate the landscape. According to legend, the Buddha smiled when he rested here for a day during his travels, prophesying that it would one day be the site of a rich and powerful capital city. Another legend attributes the choice of the site to two hermits, attracted by its natural beauty, who gave it the name of Xieng Dong (or perhaps Xieng Thong).

Vang Vieng

Vang Vieng is a small town is situated 150 km from Vientiane. The town lies along the scenic curve in Nam Song River and been a popular destination among backpackers, it is also considered as the little Khaosan Road of Laos. Vang Vieng has a picturesque landscape with striking karst limestone mountains, caves and ancient temples that can be explored.

Within the town of Vang Vieng are numerous monasteries date back the 16th and 17th centuries such as Vat Kang, Vat Chua Pan, Vat Si Vieng Song (Vat That), Vat Phong Phen and the most visited one Vat Si Suman. Surrounding the town are Hmong villages that can be visited and experience first-hand cultural setting of Laotians. Most of the travelers spend their time biking and strolling along the river banks, exploring the local villages and local villages in the area.

Crossing the Nam Song River via the main bamboo footbridge leads visitor to several caves that can be accessed by foot, bicycle or motorbike. Rough small dirt road winds towards the jungle reaching the base of the limestone karsts.

Pha Tang Mount situated closely to Bane Pan Tang besides Nam Song River. It is a stunning limestone mountain in its unique shape created by nature.

The most interesting attraction in Vang Vieng is the Tham Phu Kham cave. The cave is about 6 km from Vang Vieng situated on the other side of a blue-green stream that can be crossed via sturdy footbridge. Once on the other side a stiff 200 m climb leads to the caves entrance. The cave has no clear marked pathways a torch is needed to navigate the semi-darkness climb down to the reclining Buddha that lies in the main cavern.

Tham Sang another cave to be explored in Vang Vieng is positioned just above the banks of the Nam Song River and about 7 km north of Vang Vieng on the west side of the river. Tham Sang, the Elephant Cave contains stalactite that resembles an elephant. Buddha images are also seen inside the cave.

Savannakhet

Lying along the banks of the Mekong River opposite Mukdahan Province in Thailand is Savannakhet Province. Savannakhet is the most populous province in the country and has a total area of 21,774 sq km which stretches the width of Laos from Vietnam to Thailand.

As of 2005, the province population reached 824,662; there are twelve ethnic groups in the province including Tai Dam, Phoutai, Kapo, Kaleung, and Lava. Almost two-thirds of the total population belongs to the Lao Loum ethnic group. The province strategic location serves as a major trading route in the southern part of Laos. The opening of the 1600 m Second Friendship Bridge that connects Savannakhet to Mukdahan creates a direct access to Thailand and opens business opportunities for all economic sectors in Savannakhet.

The town of Savannakhet was established in 1642 by Lao prince, Thao Keosimphali. The Prince brought many families from Ban Phonsim to reside along the bank of the Mekong River. In 1883, during the French occupation Savannakhet had been recognized as a center of administration and commerce in southern Laos, numerous French colonial and Franco-Chinese buildings sprouted in Savannakhet.

The best way to get around the area is by foot though tuk-tuks are also available around the city. In the old quarter of Savannakhet are old French Colonial Structures. This small town along route 13 on the way to Pakse resembles a small French town with comparable structures surrounding a central market place.

The main tourist attractions in the area are the temples. About 15 km north of the Savannakhet along the Seno road lays the second most revered religious place in southern Laos That Ing Hang Temple, a very sacred site for Laotian Buddhist after Wat Phou ruins in Champassak. Built during the reign of King Sikhottabong to commemorate the areas where Buddha rested during his wandering 2500 years ago. The towering stupa features three terraces and a hallow chamber. At the base of the stupa is remarkable collection of Buddha images, relics buried deep beneath the stupa dates back several centuries. Every year, during the month of February or March thousands of devotees gather around the ground of the stupa to pay respect to Buddhism.

Another impressive site that can be seen in Savannakhet province is the 1000 year old ancient Khmer Empire ruins of Vat Heuan Hin, “Temple House Made of Stones”. During 500 AD the shrine was constructed to honor the glory of the Khmer Empire. The area is situated in Ban Dong, Dokmay Songkhone about 65 km south of Savannakhet.

Vat Sayaphoum is the one of the largest and the historic temples in the town of Savannakhet. The temple houses more than 200 monks and novices. The first monastery on the site built in 1542, and by 1896 renovation was done within the area and modern temple architecture reflects around this important center for Buddhist devotees and monks. The temple is a prominent Pali school placed on the banks of the Mekong River.

Another interesting attraction in Savannakhet province is the Dinosaur Museum. The museum is situated on Thanon Khanthaburi in Ban Sayaphoum, Savannakhet province. The Dinosaur Museum exhibits the Dinosaur fossils and data, about the four kinds of dinosaurs excavated in the region of Ban Tangvai 120 km east of the province of Savannakhet such as Saurpodes, Theropode, Iguanodon, and Psittacosaurus. In 1936, a French geologist Josue Heilman Hoffet discovered deposits of fossils of dinosaurs and fermur; he collected a number of other bones in the area as a proof of existence of prehistoric Laos. The collection of Hoffet were rediscovered by a joint Lao-French paleontological team in 1990 and discovered new remains of dinosaurs in the area which are all being displayed in the Dinosaur Museum.

A Classic wooden structures pillar of Ho Tai Pi Dok Library in Nong Lamchan village south of the Savannakhet contains a collection of ancient palm leaves manuscripts written in the ancient Bali-Sanskrit and Lao alphabets is another place to see in Savannakhet.

Luang Namtha

Luang Namtha is a mountainous province in the northwestern part of the country bordering Myanmar to the northwest, China to the north, Bokeo province to the southwest and Odomxay to the east. The province has a total area of 9,325 sq km and consist of five districts – the capital city Luang Namtha, Nalae, Long, Sing and Vieng Phoukha.

In 2005, the province’s total population was about 152 285 with majority of its population living in rural areas. Luang Namtha is an ethnically diverse province with more than 20 ethnic groups residing here making it the most diverse province in the country. The villagers’ primary employment activity is agriculture.

To navigate Luang Namtha local transport such as tuk-tuks, minibuses are easily hire and not too expensive. Short trips can be navigated by foot, bicycle as well as motorbikes. Maps can be access in the guesthouses or can be purchase at shops within the city.

Luang Namtha’s tourism has expanded over the past years due to the large response of tourists toward the province’s cultural, ecological, and adventure tourism. Luang Namtha Museum is a good place to get oriented to the province’s rich culture and natural resources before exploring the place. The museum exhibits a significant collection of indigenous clothing and artifacts, currency from colonial times, religious artifacts, agricultural tools, weapons as well as Khmu bronze drums.

There are numerous handicrafts stores within the area. Handicrafts cooperatives exist to provide livelihood to the villagers. The Black Tai village is known for their production and weaving of silks while Akha women produce traditional silver jewelry, beaded necklaces and bracelets, the Hmong women sell embroidery, bags and clothing the and Lanten ethnic group produces bamboo paper, indigo clothing and carved objects.

There are a number of temples as well as ruin within the area. Vat Luang Korn is one of the largest temples constructed in 1892, it is situated 7km from the city center.

Within the old town of the Namtha are the remains of the ancient city and temple of Khou Vieng and Vat Mahapot. Visiting the place will give an insight about the little known history of a civilization inhabited Vieng Phoukha in early 15th century. That Phoum Phouk was the most famous and respected pagoda in Namtha District that was built in 1628. However, this structure was destroyed during the Second Indochina War and in 2003 a new stupa was constructed beside the ruins of the old.

The caves in the area are also worth seeing. A few meters away from the road of Luang Namtha and 12 km north of Vieng Phoukha is Nam Aeng Cave. Within the cave is a small stream runs from the mouth of the cave. Sam Hee See Nom Cave once kept a sacred Buddha which has now been despoiled, the cave served as a hide-out and meeting place during the revolution. In Phou Prasat is a labyrinth of caves filled with bats. Kao Rao Cave is a stunning tunnel-like formation near Nam Eng Village in Vieng Phoukha.

Visiting the Ethnic Villages is main reason why Luang Namtha tourism expands. Each district in Luang Namtha has distinctive ethnic composition. Some ethnic groups residing in Luang Namtha are Tai Da (Black Tai), Tai Yuan (Kalom), Tai Deng (Red Tai), White Tai, Tai Leu, Khmu, Oo, Lao Bit, Lanten, Mien, Hmong, Akha, Lahu, Phou Noi and Samtao. Ethnic villages usually home to about thirty families. The most visited ethnic groups are Akha, Khmu, Yao and Lanten. When visiting a village courtesy should be shown. A friendly gesture and genuine concern can make ones experience enjoyable and unforgettable. It is impolite to openly refuse the thing being offered by the host. Touching religious and spiritual significance is inappropriate unless suggested by the hosts.

Nam Ha Ecotourism Project is another main attraction in the province of Luang Namtha. Founded by the New Zealand government and UNESCO, the project attracts tourists and direct them to activities that are culturally and environmentally sensitive. Nam Ha National Protected Area (NPA) covers about 2 230 sq km or 24% of the province of Luang Namtha. The Nam Ha NPA is a home to about 37 species of mammals and 65 species of fish and about 300 species of birds. The boat trips down the protected area offer a remarkable bird watching opportunity. Wildlife trekking, hiking, kayaking, biking are some of the activities within the NPA.

Plain of Jars

In the midway between the capital Vientiane and Luang Prabang lies a mountainous limestone karst area of Xieng Khouang Province. The province has almost 200 000 population including the large proportions of ethnic minority people mostly Hmong and Vietnamese.

Plain of Jars is an intriguing archaeological site deep in the mountains of Xieng Khouang. Plain of Jars has a bizarre collection of mysterious antique stone jars scattered across the war-scarred countryside. The jars are presumed to be one of the oldest archeological sites in Southeast Asia. The origin of these jars is still obscure as well as its composition. Some jars are made from sandstone, granite, conglomerate while others are made from limestone.

Plain of Jars considered as the last traces of ancient civilization positioned next to 30 years crater and unexploded US ordinance left by the ultimate aerial salvo of all time. There are more than 60 jar sites that have been found and identified on the promontories and mountain ridges. However, only three sites are opened for visitors; the Thong Hai Hin (Site 1), Hai Hin Phu Salato (Site 2), and the Hai Hin Laat Khai (Site 3). A number of sites contain more than 250 jars. These jars weigh about 14 tons and height ranging from 1 to 3m. The tallest jar is about 3m in height and over a meter in width. While most of the jars are undecorated, a few have carved of human bas-relief, figures or faces. The circular stone discs, assumed to be the lids adjoining the jars are also carved with image of human and animals particularly monkeys or tigers.

In 1930’s French archeologist Madeleine Coloni, did an extensive study on jars of Xieng Khouang. According to the research made the plain of jars were created by a civilization that thriven between 300 BC and 300 AD. Artifacts collected during the study were bronze and iron tools, bracelets, cowry shells and glass beads and charred human bone fragments, supporting the hypothesis that these were funeral urns carved by an extinct Bronze Age people.

In 1994 excavation lead by Eiji Nitta of Kagoshima University, a carving of a human figure on the side of the jar was sited, this is the first anthropomorphic image recorded at the area. Pits being covered by seven flat stones were also discovered, six of of the seven pits contain human bones and one contains two-foot-tall burial jar with small pieces of bone and teeth inside. The discovered pits were suggested to be sites of secondary burial (corpse is left to decompose into it essence).

The Plains of Luang Prabang is a shocking revelation of what happened in the course of the Secret War in Laos during 1964-1973. During the nine years of war there were more than 580 000 bombing missions over Laos. Over two tons of bomb per person were released, which turned Laos into the most bombed country in the history, eventually destroyed Xieng Khouang. More than 30% of the cluster bombs units (CBU’s) and unknown percentage of other types of ordinance failed to explode during the war thus, it continues to injure and kill hundreds of people every year.

The administration of Xiang Khouang Province, government of Lao PDR and UNESCO started a multi-yearly phrased programme to safeguard and develop the Plain of Jars. Clearing the large quantity of the unexploded ordinances (UXOs) is needed in order to make it possible for exploration and appreciation of the jars without fear on landmines. In order to protect the safety of the visitors mark paths are placed, since the UXO still hunt the region.